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Section 3 - Feed Management
The amount of livestock manure produced and the intensity of odors can
be manipulated through feed management. It is important to match animal
nutrition needs with the nutrient content of feed to minimize excreted
nutrients. A ration with lower amounts of non-digestible materials
will have fewer materials passing through the animal and out as manure.
Since many odors are related to nitrogen and phosphorus, a ration that
reduces N and P in the manure will produce lower amounts of odor.
Use the checklists in this section to assess the practices you are currently
using and to look for viable options to consider.
Beef Nutrition Self-Assessment
Beef Nutrition Self-Assessment
Feeding Practices |
Reduces N Excretion |
Reduces P Excretion |
Reduces Purchased Feed Used |
Is this option currently used on your operation? |
Is this a viable option for future adoption? |
| Group cattle by weight and class and formulate multiple rations |
Y |
Y |
|
Yes No |
Yes No |
| Feed ration with 11-12% CP and 29% RUP for growing/finishing |
Y |
|
|
Yes No |
Yes No |
Feed phosphorus according to Average Daily Gain:
0.5 lb = 0.12%; 0.75 lb = 0.14%;
1.0 lb = 0.16%; 1.5 lb = 0.17%;
2.0 lb = 0.18%; 2.5 lb = 0.21%;
3.0 lb = 0.24%; 3.5 lb = 0.28%;
4.0 lb = 0.34% |
|
Y |
|
Yes No |
Yes No |
| Feed ration with 9% CP and 30% RUP for late lactation cows and phosphoruscontent = .12 - .21% depending on stage of life |
Y |
Y |
|
Yes No |
Yes No |
| Improve quality of home-grown feeds |
|
|
Y |
Yes No |
Yes No |
| Increase dry matter intake |
Y |
|
Y |
Yes No |
Yes No |
| Monitor MUN (should be between 12 and 18 mg/dl) |
Y |
|
|
Yes No |
Yes No |
| Blend legume and corn silage in ration to meet protein requirements |
Y |
|
|
Yes No |
Yes No |
| Test all forages and feed ingredients and adjust rations accordingly |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Yes No |
Yes No |
CP = crude protein; RUP = rumen undegradable protein (given as % of
total CP); MUN = milk urea nitrogen.
Dairy Nutrition Self-Assessment
Dairy Nutrition Self-Assessment
Feeding Practices |
Reduces N Excretion |
Reduces P Excretion |
Reduces Purchased Feed Used |
Is this option currently used on your operation? |
Is this a viable option for future adoption? |
| Group cattle by milk production or lactation stage and formulate multiplerations |
Y |
Y |
|
Yes No |
Yes No |
| Feed ration with % P of 0.49% P for fresh cows (first 3 weeks) |
|
Y |
|
Yes No |
Yes No |
| Feed ration with % P of 0.28% - 0.41% for early-to-mid-lactation cows |
| Y |
|
Yes No |
Yes No |
| Feed ration with 17% CP and 40% RUP for fresh cows |
Y |
|
|
Yes No |
Yes No |
| Feed ration with 16% - 18% CP and 36% - 38% RUP for early-to-mid-lactationcows |
Y |
|
|
Yes No |
Yes No |
| Feed ration with 14% CP and 30% RUP for late-lactation cows |
Y |
|
|
Yes No |
Yes No |
| Improve quality of homegrown feeds |
|
|
Y |
Yes No |
Yes No |
| Increase dry matter intake |
Y |
|
Y |
Yes No |
Yes No |
| Monitor MUN (should be between 12 and 18 mg/dl) |
Y |
|
|
Yes No |
Yes No |
| Blend legume and corn silage in ration to meet protein requirements |
Y |
|
|
Yes No |
Yes No |
| Test all forages and feed ingredients and adjust rations accordingly |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Yes No |
Yes No |
CP = crude protein; RUP = rumen undegradable protein (given as % of
total CP); MUN = milk urea nitrogen.
Information in this section was modified from Livestock and Poultry
Environmental Stewardship Program, Lesson 12, Feeding Dairy Cows to Reduce
Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium Excretion into the Environment, by
Rick Grant of University of Nebraska.
Pig Nutrition Self-Assessment
Pig Nutrition Self-Assessment
Feeding Practices |
Reduces N Content of Manure |
Reduces P Content of Manure |
Reduces Air Quality Effects |
Do you currently practice? |
Will you consider for future? |
| Install feeders / feed systems designed to minimize feed waste |
Y |
Y |
|
Yes No |
Yes No |
| Adjust and clean feeders frequently |
Y |
Y |
|
Yes No |
Yes No |
| Use pelleted feeds |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Yes No |
Yes No |
| Formulate feeds based on digestible nutrients rather than totals |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Yes No |
Yes No |
| Select feed ingredients that have high digestibility |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Yes No |
Yes No |
| Grind coarse feed ingredients to a uniformly fine particle size |
Y |
Y |
|
Yes No |
Yes No |
| Add phytase to the feed |
|
Y |
|
Yes No |
Yes No |
| Add fiber-degrading enzymes to the feed |
Y |
|
Y |
Yes No |
Yes No |
| Select ingredients that are low in fiber (NDF and ADF) |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Yes No |
Yes No |
| Select ingredients that are low in trypsin inhibitors |
Y |
|
|
Yes No |
Yes No |
| Include disposal costs in economics of nutrition decisions |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Yes No |
Yes No |
| Implement phase feeding and split-sex feeding |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Yes No |
Yes No |
| Determine the nutritional value of each batch of an ingredient |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Yes No |
Yes No |
| Properly weigh and mix ingredients |
Y |
Y |
|
Yes No |
Yes No |
| Reduce protein in the diet by matching amino acid requirements |
Y |
|
Y |
Yes No |
Yes No |
| Add urine-acidifying compounds to the feed |
|
|
Y |
Yes No |
Yes No |
| Avoid excess sulfur-containing mineral sources |
|
|
Y |
Yes No |
Yes No |
| Use efficient water nipples, cups under drinkers, wet-dry, or liquidfeeders and fix water leaks immediately |
|
|
Y |
Yes No |
Yes No |
Information in this section was modified from Livestock and Poultry
Environmental Stewardship Program, Lesson 10, Reducing Pig Waste and Odor
Through Nutritional Means, by Theo van Kempen of North Carolina State University.
Beef Cattle Nutrient Requirements
Beef Cattle Nutrient Requirements
Animal |
Crude Protein |
Phosphorus |
| Calves (400 - 500 lb) |
14% Minimum
15% Maximum |
0.20% Minimum
0.25% Maximum |
| Yearlings (600 lb) |
12% Minimum
14% Maximum |
0.20% Minimum
0.25% Maximum |
| L. Gestation |
10% Minimum
11% Maximum |
0.23% Minimum
0.25% Maximum |
| E. Lactation |
11% Minimum
12% Maximum |
0.23% Minimum
0.25% Maximum |
| Superior Milking |
12% Minimum
13% Maximum |
0.25% Minimum
0.28% Maximum |
| Bulls |
8% Minimum
14% Maximum |
0.20% Minimum
0.23% Maximum |
| Feedlot by ADG (lbs/day) |
| Steers (2.5) |
11% Minimum
12% Maximum |
0.21% Optimum |
| Steers (3.0) |
11% Minimum
12% Maximum |
0.24% Optimum |
| Steers (3.5) |
11% Minimum
12% Maximum |
0.28% Optimum |
| Steers (4.0) |
11% Minimum
12% Maximum |
0.34% Optimum |
Crude Protein and Phosphorus Content of Some Common
Feeds
| Feeds |
Crude Protein
% |
Phosphorus
% |
| Alfalfa |
15 - 22 |
0.22 - 0.30 |
| Corn |
9 - 10 |
0.3 |
| Soybean Meal |
44 - 50 |
0.6 - 0.7 |
| Barley |
12 - 13 |
0.35 |
| Cottonseed |
45 |
1.2 |
| Canola |
40 |
1.2 |
| Brewers Dried Grains |
30 |
0.7 |
| Oats |
13 - 14 |
0.41 |
| Native Hay |
9 - 10 |
0.20 |
CNMP Workbook | Table of Contents
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